Co-Scheduling Based on Steering Vector Orthogonality

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining whether two user equipments (UEs) in a wireless network can be co-scheduled by an uplink scheduler. The method includes the determination of orthogonality factors for each pair of equipments to be considered and, from the orthogonality factors, selecting UEs to be co-scheduled.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an apparatus for and a method of co-schedulinguser equipment transmissions. The invention is applicable to use withinwireless networks and, more particularly, to use within base stations ofwireless networks.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In wireless networks care is given to the scheduling of transmissionsboth in the time and frequency domain from user equipments (UEs) to basestations. If the UEs are located close together spatially and there is asignificant overlap in the time and frequency at which uplinktransmissions from the UEs are sent to a base station, there will beinterference between the UEs' transmissions. This interference may meanthat the quantity of information per transmission burst from each UEwhich can be successfully decoded is small (i.e. they may need to choosea low-order modulation alphabet).

Conventionally, to overcome this deficiency, networks assign each UEtransmitting to a base station a different time-frequency resource blockin which to transmit. Since the UEs within a cell now do not interferewith one another, they can each transmit more information pertransmission burst (e.g. by choosing a higher-order modulation alphabet)

However, the assignment of separate (non-shared) time-frequency resourceblocks limits the resource allocated to a UE's transmission burst, sincethe overall resource on the wireless medium is generally sharedequitably between the users.

One technique that is used to make more efficient use of the availableresource involves co-scheduling pairs of UEs on the same time-frequencyresource block. In this technique UEs are only co-scheduled when thesignals from the UEs are deemed to be sufficiently segregated spatially.However, when co-scheduling is implemented in this manner residualinterference may still occur at the receiver, for example due to anyremaining overlap between the UE signals, reducing the quantity ofinformation per transmission burst from each UE which can besuccessfully decoded. The invention described herein relates totechniques for optimally selecting UEs for co-transmission such that anyremaining residual interference is minimised.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the invention there is provided a method ofselecting user equipments for co-scheduling in a wireless network, thewireless network including a receiver including a plurality of antennasand a plurality of user equipments, each user equipment including oneantenna, the method comprising determining a feature for eachtransmission from a user equipment to the receiver, comparing thetransmission feature of each user equipment with the transmissionfeature of another user equipment to determine the orthogonality of thefeatures, and selecting a pair of user equipments with the greatestorthogonality for simultaneous transmission. By determining theorthogonality of the features the user equipments which are least likelyto interfere can be identified and co-scheduled.

Optionally, the feature may be the steering vector for the transmissionof the user equipment which enables the UEs with the greatest separationspatially to be identified. The orthogonality may be calculated using aconjugate transpose of the feature.

The UEs for co-scheduling are preferably transmitting across a channelwhere the change of phase and amplitude of tone during a transmission issubstantially consistent. This means that there is minimum change in thefeatures of the transmission during the transmission and therefore theinteractions between the UE transmissions are relatively constant.

Preferably, each further pair of user equipments is co-scheduled indecreasing levels of orthogonality. This means that the pairs of userequipments are co-scheduled in the reverse of the order in which theyare most likely to interfere.

Additionally, it is preferable that each pair of user equipment is onlyco-scheduled if the orthogonality factor is below a threshold as thismeans only transmissions with sufficiently low interference between themare co-scheduled. The orthogonality factor is preferably a factormeasured between 0 and 1 and an orthogonality factor equal to zero meansthat the transmissions are completely orthogonal and an orthogonalityfactor equal to one means that the transmissions are co-linear.

Optionally, a modified orthogonality factor may be calculated bymultiplying the orthogonality factor by a modifying factor. Themodifying factor may be, for example, the greater SINR of the SINR foreach user equipment in the pair of user equipments, Log₁₀(SINR_(MAX)),or the greatest function of the SINR for each user equipment in the pairof user equipments. This prevents a noisy signal being co-scheduled andreduces the likelihood of interference between the transmissions of thetwo user equipments. A further factor could also be introduced to favourscheduling of user equipments with near equal SINR. An example of thisfurther factor would be the ratio of SINR_(MAX) to SINR_(MIN).

The method may include the further steps of determining the throughputfor the user equipments and, if the combined throughput is less than athreshold, separately scheduling the user equipments. An example of thethreshold would be a threshold equal to the throughput when the two userequipment transmissions are scheduled individually.

The throughput for each user equipment individually and the throughputfor each pair of user equipments combined may be calculated, and theuser equipment or pair of user equipments having the highest throughputbeing scheduled first. This enables the channel capacity to be used toits fullest extent.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided an uplinkscheduler to co- schedule user equipments in a wireless networkincluding an input to receive a transmission feature of a userequipment, a comparator to compare the transmission feature from eachuser equipment to determine an orthogonality of the features and aprocessor to select a pair of user equipments with the greatestorthogonality for simultaneous transmission.

Optionally, the feature may be the steering vector for a transmissionfrom the user equipment as received at the base station.

The uplink scheduler may further include a channel selector to select achannel where the change of phase and amplitude of tone during atransmission is substantially consistent across both the time andfrequency dimensions. The user equipments forming a group from whichuser equipments are co-scheduled are selected from user equipments whichmay transmit across the channel.

The modified orthogonality factor may be the feature×greater SINR of theSINR for each user equipment in the pair of user equipments.

Preferably, the processor calculates the throughput for each userequipment individually and the throughput for each pair of userequipments combined, and selects the approach that will maximisethroughput. For example, this may be achieved by co-scheduling the userequipment or pair of user equipments having the highest throughputfirst. Further pairs of user equipment or individual user equipment areco-scheduled in decreasing levels of throughput

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a basestation including an uplink scheduler to co-schedule user equipments ina wireless network including a receiver to receive a transmission from auser equipment, and an uplink scheduler including a comparator tocompare a transmission feature of the transmission from each userequipment to determine an orthogonality of the features and a processorto select a pair of user equipments with the greatest orthogonality forsimultaneous transmission.

According to yet another aspect of the invention there is provided acomputer program product including a computer useable medium havingcomputer program logic stored therein to enable an uplink scheduler to:receive a feature for each transmission from a user equipment to areceiver, compare the transmission feature of each user equipment withthe transmission feature of another user equipment to determine theorthogonality of the features and select a pair of user equipments withthe greatest orthogonality for simultaneous transmission between theuser equipments and the receiver.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparentto those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the followingdescription of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction withthe accompanying figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates a cell within a wireless network in which the presentinvention may be implemented;

FIG. 2 illustrates a receiver and user equipments in which the inventionmay be implemented;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method of co-scheduling UEs in a wirelessnetwork; and

FIGS. 4 and 5 are flow diagrams of alternative methods of co-schedulingUEs in a wireless network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a cell 2 within a network in which the presentinvention may be implemented. The invention is preferably an OFDMnetwork including multiple UEs 4 and a receiver station 6. The UEs 4have single antennas and a receiver station 6, such as a base station,has two receiver antennas as illustrated in FIG. 2.

The base station 6 includes an uplink scheduler for scheduling uplinktransmissions from the UEs 4 to the base station 6. The uplink schedulerdetermines which time-frequency resource block a UE 4 can use totransmit data. In the present invention, the uplink scheduler is furtherarranged to determine whether two, or more, UEs 4 can transmitsimultaneously in a single time slot of an uplink channel withoutcausing significant degradation in the signals from the UEs 4.

Firstly, as illustrated in step 10 of FIG. 3, the uplink schedulerselects a channel in which co-scheduling may be applied. The channelselected may be any group of tones across which the change of phase andamplitude of a tone is substantially consistent in both the time andfrequency dimensions during a transmission. Once the channel has beendetermined the UEs that may transmit within the channel can beidentified, as illustrated in step 12.

Once the UEs have been identified the pilot tones for each of the UEs inthe group are analysed to estimate the steering vectors for each of theUEs as illustrated in step 14. The pilot tones may be from recent uplinktransmissions from those UE, or from specially-scheduled uplink‘sounding bursts’. Any suitable channel estimation method may be used toestimate the steering vectors for each of the UEs.

For each UE transmitting from a single antenna to a base station withtwo antennas the UE transmission will have a steering vector. Thesteering vector, including a single (complex) element for each antenna,being represented as:

$H_{1} = {\begin{pmatrix}{a + {j\; b}} \\{c + {j\; d}}\end{pmatrix}.}$

Thus, for the simple implementation in a channel with two userequipments, UE1 and UE2 the antenna vectors H1 and H2 for each of theUE1 and UE2 respectively are:

$H_{1} = \begin{pmatrix}{a + {j\; b}} \\{c + {j\; d}}\end{pmatrix}$ $H_{2} = \begin{pmatrix}{e + {j\; f}} \\{g + {j\; k}}\end{pmatrix}$

Once the steering vectors for each UE have been determined, in step 14,an orthogonality factor between the steering vectors of UE1 and UE2 iscalculated, in step 16, using the conjugate transpose:

${O\; F} = \frac{{H_{1}^{H}H_{2}}}{{H_{1}}{H_{2}}}$ whereH₁^(H) = (a − j b, c − j d)${H_{1}} = \sqrt{a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} + d^{2}}$${H_{2}} = \sqrt{e^{2} + f^{2} + g^{2} + k^{2}}$

Once the orthogonality factor has been determined the uplink schedulercan determine whether the orthogonality factor is below a pre-determinedthreshold, as illustrated in step 18. If the orthogonality factor isbelow the threshold then the transmissions by the two UEs can beco-scheduled as illustrated in step 20. If, however, the orthogonalityfactor is above the threshold then the transmissions by the two UEs willinterfere with each other too greatly and the UEs are instead scheduledindividually as illustrated in step 22.

It will be understood by one skilled in the art that any other suitableequation may be used to determine an orthogonality factor, and theorthogonality factor is a representation of the orthogonality of thetransmissions of two UEs.

Where there are more than two UEs within the channel that is selected instep 10 then a similar comparison can be done between each pair of theUEs within a group of UEs within the channel. The comparison determineswhich pair of UEs have the lowest orthogonality factor and thereforewhich pair of UEs within the group are most suited to co-scheduling. Forexample, when there are five UEs transmitting within the determinedchannel to the base station with the following steering vectors:

${UE}\; 1\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {H(1)}\begin{pmatrix}{0.059 + {0.143i}} \\{0.669 - {1.914i}}\end{pmatrix}$${UE}\; 2\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {H(2)}\begin{pmatrix}{0.299 + {1.188i}} \\{0.569 - {0.172i}}\end{pmatrix}$${UE}\; 3\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {H(3)}\begin{pmatrix}{{- 0.546} - {0.642i}} \\{{- 0.236} - {0.964i}}\end{pmatrix}$${UE}\; 4\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {H(4)}\begin{pmatrix}{{- 0.095} + {0.556i}} \\{{- 1.271} + {0.563i}}\end{pmatrix}$${UE}\; 5\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {H(4)}\begin{pmatrix}{{- 1.034} - {0.089i}} \\{0.477 - {0.430i}}\end{pmatrix}$

The orthogonality factors between each pair of UEs is then calculatedusing the conjugate transpose as described previously giving anorthogonality factor matrix:

$\begin{matrix}1 \\2 \\3 \\4 \\5\end{matrix}\overset{\begin{matrix}1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5\end{matrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0.485 & 0.713 & 0.911 & 0.53 \\0.485 & 1 & 0.51 & 0.127 & 0.627 \\0.713 & 0.51 & 1 & 0.795 & 0.582 \\0.911 & 0.127 & 0.795 & 1 & 0.783 \\0.53 & 0.627 & 0.582 & 0.783 & 1\end{pmatrix}}$

As can be seen the orthogonality factor between UEs 2 and 4 is thelowest at 0.127. Thus, the uplink scheduler co-schedules thetransmissions of UEs 2 and 4. UEs 2 and 4 are then removed from thegroup of UEs being considered by the uplink scheduler for co-scheduling.

The lowest orthogonality factor between the remaining UEs, UEs 1, 3 and5, is between UE 1 and UE 5. The uplink scheduler therefore co-schedulesthe transmissions of UE 1 and UE 5. UEs 1 and 5 are also removed fromfurther consideration for co-scheduling. UE 3 is not co-scheduled withany other UE and is therefore assigned its own timeslot.

Optionally, the uplink scheduler may apply a threshold to theorthogonality factor and prevent a pair of UEs having an orthogonalityfactor above a threshold from being co-scheduled. For instance, in theexample given with reference to five UEs above, the threshold may be setat 0.5. If the threshold is set at this level then the uplink schedulerwill not co-schedule UE 1 and UE 5 as their orthogonality factor (0.53)is above the threshold. In this instance, the uplink schedulerco-schedules UEs 2 and 4, as their orthogonality factor is below thethreshold, and UEs 1, 3 and 5 are scheduled separately.

Optionally, the orthogonality factor may be modified to take intoaccount other factors. For example, the SINR (Signal toInterference-plus-Noise Ratio) may be taken into account. This isbecause if there is a signal with a high SINR it would be advantageousto use a high order modulation, which could be vulnerable tointerference from a co-scheduled user. One method for taking intoaccount the SINR is now described with reference to FIG. 4.

The method is identical to that described previously with reference toFIG. 3 except that, after calculating the orthogonality factor for apair of UEs in step 16, the orthogonality factor is multiplied by thegreater SINR of each of the two UEs used to calculate the orthogonalityas illustrated in step 24. The Orthogonality Factor×greatest SINR foreach pair of UEs in the group of UEs transmitting in the channel arecompared. The pair of UEs with the lowest OF×SINR are co-scheduled asillustrated in step 28. Further pairs of UEs are co-scheduled bycomparing this OF×SINR of the remaining pairs of UEs, until all thepairs of UEs are co-scheduled.

Other than multiplying the orthogonality factor by the SINR theorthogonality factor may be multiplied by a function of the highest SINRbelonging to one of the UEs. One example of such a function isLog₁₀(SINR_(MAX)), although one skilled in the art would understand thatany suitable function may be used.

Optionally, a threshold may be set so that if the orthogonality factormultiplied by the maximum SINR is above a threshold the UE with themaxiumum SINR is not co-scheduled with another UE. Alternatively, theSINR for each UE may be determined and the SINR for each UE thencompared to a threshold SINR. For any UE where the SINR is greater thanthe threshold SINR the uplink scheduler determines that the UE is not tobe co-scheduled with any other UEs and to schedule the UE singly. Forthe UEs where the SINR is below a threshold the orthogonality factorsare determined and transmissions co-scheduled as described withreference to FIG. 2.

Alternate factors may be taken into account instead of or in addition tothe SINR. For example, the throughput of the pair of UEs.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention the uplinkscheduler may determine whether to co-schedule UEs using the methodillustrated in FIG. 5. As discussed with reference to FIG. 2 the channelis determined (not shown) and a pool of UEs which transmit data over thechannel is also determined, step 30.

For each pair of users the minimum mean square error (MMSE) of the UEs'transmissions is computed by combining the weight set as illustrated instep 34. Using the MMSE weight sets the potential SINR for each user maybe calculated as determined in step 36. The throughput of the combinedtransmissions of the two UEs can then be determined as in step 38. Thethroughput may be calculated using a Shannon or modulation code set(MCS) set or any other suitable method.

At the same time the throughput for each UE alone is also calculated,step 40. This throughput may be calculated using any suitable method.

The throughputs of each individual UE and each pair of UEs are comparedand the UE or pair of UEs with the highest throughput are scheduledfirst, step 42. This UE or pair of UEs are then removed from the pool ofUEs which are to be scheduled and the process repeated until all the UEsare scheduled either individually or in combination with another UE,step 44.

Any suitable technique may be used to separate the co-scheduledtransmissions of two user equipments, for example, instead of the MMSE,a SIC (successive interference cancellation) approach may be used.Additionally, any alternative criteria other than throughput may be usedto determine which UEs are scheduled. For example the equal throughput(EQT) for each user may be calculated and then compared.

Additionally, the uplink scheduler may only co-schedule UEs where thetotal throughput of the co-scheduled UEs' transmissions is below athreshold. Alternatively, the orthogonality factor for each pair of UEsmay be determined and used to determine whether to co-schedule the UEsin the pair or if they should not be co-scheduled.

As before the comparison of UEs and pairs of UEs is continued until allthe users have been scheduled.

It is preferable that the time constant of scheduling for the UEs is ashorter time period than the time constant of the change of the channelSmall-Scale Fading (SSF). It is therefore preferable that the UEs whichare co-scheduled are nomadic or fixed, such that changes due to SSF willbe slow, due to the low levels of Doppler spread. The uplink schedulermay be configured to determine whether the UE is mobile, for example acellular telephone, or nomadic or fixed, such as a laptop.

The co-scheduling may be applied to one or more bands within atransmission channel. Outside of these bands UEs are scheduled in aconventional manner. Any other suitable method for calculatingorthogonality may be used.

Any one of the methods may be applied to a network or part of a networkhaving a receiver station and multiple transmitter stations where thereceiver station has a greater or equal number of antennas compared tothe total number of UE transmit antennas for the UEs that might beco-scheduled on the same time-frequency resource block.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of operating a receiver station in awireless network, the wireless network including the receiver stationand a plurality of user equipments, wherein the receiver stationincludes a plurality of antennas, wherein each of the user equipmentsincludes at least one antenna, the method comprising: a) for each of theuser equipments, determining a corresponding steering vector based on acorresponding transmission from the user equipment to the receiverstation; b) for each pair of the user equipments, computing acorresponding orthogonality factor based on the steering vector of thefirst user equipment of the pair and the steering vector of the seconduser equipment of the pair, wherein smaller values of the orthogonalityfactor represent greater orthogonality between the steering vectors ofthe pair; and c) co-scheduling a first pair of the user equipments basedat least in part on a determination that the corresponding orthogonalityfactor is less than a threshold.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein,prior to said determining, the orthogonality factor for each pair of theuser equipments is modified by multiplying the orthogonality factor by acorresponding scalar value that is a function of a signal tointerference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of the first user equipment in thepair and a signal to interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of the seconduser equipment in the pair.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein, foreach pair of the user equipments, the corresponding scalar value is thegreatest of the SINR for the first user equipment of the pair and theSINR of the second user equipment of the pair.
 24. The method of claim22, wherein, for each pair of the user equipments, the correspondingscalar value is a logarithm of the maximum of the SINR for the firstuser equipment of the pair and the SINR of the second user equipment ofthe pair.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein, for each pair of the userequipments, the corresponding scalar value comprises a ratio ofSINR_(MAX) to SINR_(MIN), wherein SINR_(MAX) is a maximum of the SINRfor the first user equipment of the pair and the SINR for the seconduser equipment of the pair, wherein SINR_(MIN) is a minimum of the SINRfor the first user equipment of the pair and the SINR for the seconduser equipment of the pair.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein, foreach pair of the user equipments, the corresponding orthogonality factoris calculated using multiplication of one of the steering vectors of thepair and a conjugate transpose of the other steering vector of the pair.27. The method of claim 21, wherein the plurality of UEs transmit acrossa channel where the change of phase and amplitude of tone during eachtransmission is substantially consistent.
 28. The method of claim 21,wherein one or more additional pairs of the user equipments aresuccessively co-scheduled in successively increasing value of theorthogonality factor.
 29. A receiver station in a wireless network, thewireless network including the receiver station and a plurality of userequipments, wherein each of the user equipments includes at least oneantenna, the receiver station comprising: a plurality of antennas; aninput, wherein, for each of the user equipments, the input is configuredto receive a corresponding steering vector; a comparator, wherein, foreach pair of the user equipments, the comparator is configured tocompute a corresponding orthogonality factor based on the steeringvector of the first user equipment of the pair and the steering vectorof the second user equipment of the pair, wherein smaller values of theorthogonality factor represent greater orthogonality between thesteering vectors of the pair; a processor configured to co-schedule afirst pair of the user equipments based at least in part on adetermination that the corresponding orthogonality factor is less than athreshold.
 30. The receiver station of claim 29, wherein the comparatoris configured to modify the orthogonality factor for each pair of theuser equipments by multiplying the orthogonality factor by acorresponding scalar value that is a function of a signal tointerference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of the first user equipment in thepair and a signal to interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of the seconduser equipment in the pair.
 31. The receiver station of claim 30,wherein, for each pair of the user equipments, the corresponding scalarvalue is the greatest of the SINR for the first user equipment of thepair and the SINR of the second user equipment of the pair.
 32. Thereceiver station of claim 30, wherein, for each pair of the userequipments, the corresponding scalar value is a logarithm of the maximumof the SINR for the first user equipment of the pair and the SINR of thesecond user equipment of the pair.
 33. The receiver station of claim 30,wherein, for each pair of the user equipments, the corresponding scalarvalue comprises a ratio of SINR_(MAX) to SINR_(MIN), wherein SINR_(MAX)is a maximum of the SINR for the first user equipment of the pair andthe SINR for the second user equipment of the pair, wherein SINR_(MIN)is a minimum of the SINR for the first user equipment of the pair andthe SINR for the second user equipment of the pair.
 34. The receiverstation of claim 29, wherein, for each pair of the user equipments, thecomparator is configured to calculate the corresponding orthogonalityfactor using a multiplication of one of the steering vectors of the pairand a conjugate transpose of the other steering vector of the pair. 35.The receiver station of claim 29, further comprising: a channel selectorconfigured to select a channel where the change of phase and amplitudeof a transmission from each of the user equipment devices issubstantially consistent, wherein said plurality of user equipments areselected from a superset of user equipments which may transmit dataacross the channel.
 36. A non-transitory memory medium for operating areceiver station in a wireless network, the wireless network includingthe receiver station and a plurality of user equipments, wherein thereceiver station includes a plurality of antennas, wherein each of theuser equipments includes at least one antenna, wherein the memory mediumstores program instructions executable by a processor to implement: a)for each of the user equipments, determining a corresponding steeringvector based on a corresponding transmission from the user equipment tothe receiver station; b) for each pair of the user equipments, computinga corresponding orthogonality factor based on the steering vector of thefirst user equipment of the pair and the steering vector of the seconduser equipment of the pair, wherein smaller values of the orthogonalityfactor represent greater orthogonality between the steering vectors ofthe pair; and c) co-scheduling a first pair of the user equipments basedat least in part on a determination that the corresponding orthogonalityfactor is less than a threshold.
 37. The non-transitory memory medium ofclaim 36, wherein the program instructions are executable by theprocessor to further implement: prior to said determining, modifying theorthogonality factor for each pair of the user equipments by multiplyingthe orthogonality factor by a corresponding scalar value that is afunction of a signal to interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of the firstuser equipment in the pair and a signal to interference-and-noise ratio(SINR) of the second user equipment in the pair.
 38. The non-transitorymemory medium of claim 37, wherein, for each pair of the userequipments, the corresponding scalar value is the greatest of the SINRfor the first user equipment of the pair and the SINR of the second userequipment of the pair.
 39. The non-transitory memory medium of claim 37,wherein, for each pair of the user equipments, the corresponding scalarvalue is a logarithm of the maximum of the SINR for the first userequipment of the pair and the SINR of the second user equipment of thepair.
 40. The non-transitory memory medium of claim 37, wherein, foreach pair of the user equipments, the corresponding scalar valuecomprises a ratio of SINR_(MAX) to SINR_(MIN), wherein SINR_(MAX) is amaximum of the SINR for the first user equipment of the pair and theSINR for the second user equipment of the pair, wherein SINR_(MIN) is aminimum of the SINR for the first user equipment of the pair and theSINR for the second user equipment of the pair.